Now with dye added for leak detection non hazmat no license required to buy or use. The second generation of refrigerants included chlorofluorocarbons cfcs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons hcfcs, which became widely used because they were efficient, nonflammable, and nontoxic. These refrigerants cool by temperature change or sensible heat, the quantity of heat being. Currently, five types of refrigerants have been identified as possible lowgwp alternatives to the most commonly used refrigerants today. Refrigerants pdf classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important. Refrigerants thermodynamic, physical, chemical, safe ty related and environmental properties have been presented and discussed in the first part of the paper. Nextgeneration low global warming potential refrigerants. Guiding you through todays and tomorrows refrigerants and technologies, with emphasis on global warming potential, energy consumption.
Calm engineering consultant 10887 woodleaf lane great falls, va 220663003 usa for the airconditioning and refrigeration technology institute 4301 north fairfax drive, suite 425 arlington, va 22203 usa. Section 3 examines the thermal properties of refrigerants. This refers to the maximum mass of refrigerant for a given occupied room size. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants section.
With a nonmiscible combination oil logging can occur, which impacts compressor life and performance. Research and development roadmap for nextgeneration. Lowgwp hfcs hydrocarbons ammonia carbon dioxide hydrofluoroolefins hfos many of these alternative refrigerants suffer from one or more undesirable qualities, such as. Refrigerants with higher boiling points tend to be more efficient and may work well in a smaller machine. These properties pressure, temperature, volume, density, enthalpy, flammability, the opportunity to mix with vegetable oil, moisture reaction, smell, toxicity, leakage trend, and leak detection. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information. Hence, new synthetic ester lubricants were developed for this application. Synthetic and organic refrigerants are classified under two main categories, primary and secondary. Working fluids in refrigeration cycles undergoes phase transition in cycles mostly before going to subject topic first of all we divide all refrigerants in following categories. Lesson 1 covers a basic understanding of refrigerants, including the history of refrigerants, terminology, and refrigerants types such as cfc, hcfc, hfc, natural refrigerants, and blends zeotrope and azeotrope. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion.
Envirosafe rerigerant is made of only the most pure, quality, refined ingredients available today other products have the rotten egg or sulfur odor that comes from unrefined product or. Hfc refrigerants are not miscible with the mineral oils used in cfc refrigeration systems. Classification can be divided into class 1, class 2, class 3. Refrigerants can be characterized by a number of properties. Some refrigerants claim to be nooilchange solutions. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. Refrigerants color codes refrigerants and their color codes. Class 1 refrigerants are completely nonflammable, class 2 types are moderately flammable and class 3 substances are highly flammable. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant author. Oct 04, 2016 hey guys, refrigerants is nothing but. Jul 17, 2017 a refrigerant with a lower boiling point tends to have a better ability to cool.
Pdf thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r116 from cubic. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat from perishable goods until theyre frozen solid. Refrigerants having nonzero odp have either already been phasedout e. The forane refrigerant tool belt chart and calculator app is an essential aid for busy refrigeration and ac professionals working in the hvacr field. Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. In terms of refrigerant charge sizes, there are two basic criteria. Screwdx flooded systems commercial i heal industrial process cooling split system spot coolers roof windowwall existing system type r. The toxicity depends upon the concentration and exposure limits. Numerical coefficients to the property models are stored in text files. Refrigerants can be broadly classified based on the following. Refrigerants and read with me bible pdf refrigerating systems which are practicable but which do not at. Incorporating product design into the development of new.
Incorporating product design into the development of new refrigerants isaac j. A good refrigerant has the right combination of safety and functionality. It is designed for use in new equipment and as a service refrigerant for existing hcfc22 air conditioning, heat pump, and medium temperature refrigeration equipment. Dec 23, 2016 azeotropic refrigerants a stable mixture of two or several refrigerants whose vapour and liquid phases retain identical compositions over a wide range of temperatures.
Since odp depends mainly on the presence of chlorine or bromine in the molecules, refrigerants having either chlorine i. Tables for r11, r, r1, r114, r141b, r142b, r500, r502, r503, and r720 neon may be found in the 1997 ashrae handbookfundamentals. Jul, 2000 a look at properties and fractionation of blended refrigerants. The refrigerants should be non poisonous to humans and food stuff.
Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition. Working principle under this heading, we have the primary or common refrigerants and the secondary refrigerants. The importance of specifying high quality products pdf. Singlecompound refrigerants september 1999 prepared by james m. If there is toxicity identified in this small amount, the substance is a class b refrigerant. Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants.
There is one file per fluid and one file containing coefficients for the mixture departure. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. The flood of the airconditioner, that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits. A next generation refrigerant properties database purdue epubs. Xoj 9617 sltlvd l l09l seqjeselolt\\l phll l thermophysical properties of. The dominance degree, a method for measuring order relationships among classes, is discussed and applied to the refrigerant classes. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site.
Regulatory oversight on refrigerants such as cfc, hcfc, and other synthetic refrigerants, have refocused attention. Toxicity is the important properties of refrigerants. The database provides bibliographic citations and abstracts for publications that may be useful in research and design of airconditioning and refrigeration equipment. Common refrigerants and their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp are indicated below. Product design, group contribution theory, refrigerant design. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. Freon refrigerants r11, r12 and r22, plus ammonia and water, will be discussed in terms of the above categories. This information is based on values calculated using the nist refprop database mclinden, m.
In most cases, they have a very narrow application window and lower capacity. R12 has been retained to assist in making comparisons. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Refrigerants r407c and r407a properties, uses, storage. This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change typically boiling, using the refrigerant s latent heat. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil n low cost ammonia n has good heat transfer properties n not miscible with oil n but n toxic n flammable n corrosive to. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layerglobal warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global warming. This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change typically boiling, using the refrigerant s latent heat class 2. The thermodynamic properties are interrelated and mainly depend on normal boiling point, critical temperature, molecular weight and structure. This section presents data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional users. This introductory course presents a basic overview of how refrigerants are used in cooling applications including how governmental policies influence the impact. Apr 12, 2020 refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Common refrigerants and environmental safety thermal systems.
Refrigerants are classified according to their way of absorption or extraction of heat from substances stored in the refrigerator. With the discovery of the damaging effect of cfcs and hcfcs refrigerants to the ozone layer, the hfc family of refrigerant has been widely used as their replacement. Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance. A comparison between refrigerants used in air conditioning. Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated. The refrigerant used should preferably be inexpensive and easily available. New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title. It was soon evident, though, that the lack of chlorine and that the new ester oils did not have the same good lubrication properties as mineral oil and cfc refrigerants. The primary refrigerants are those that pass through the processes of compression, cooling or condensation, expansion and evaporation or warming up during cyclic processes. Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant explained in detail. Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods a liquids boiling data at 1 atm freezing data liquid properties normal latent heat of latent heat specific boiling vaporization freezing of fusion temperature, density heat substance point, c h. Primary refrigerants change states to absorb heat from surrounding areas or substances.
Safety rules for the application of hydrocarbon refrigerants. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. They were developed in the 1930s and were used in a variety of industrial, commercial, household and automotive. Natural refrigerants was developed as a joint effort between the national renewable energy laboratory nrel and cta architects engineers. Pdf thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r116 from.
Refrigerants temperature and pressure charts temperature and pressure chart for refrigerants r22, r410a, r12, r4a, r401a, r409a, r502, r404a, r507a, r408a and r402a tag search en. The earliest mechanical refrigeration used air as a working fluid. R11, r12, r22, r4a, r744, r718 are least hazardous, while refrigerants belonging to group b3 e. Types of refrigerants chlorofluorocarbons cfcs these are refrigerants that contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon. Environmental consciousness refrigerant options now and in. Pdf depletion of ozone layer in the stratosphere and global warming caused due to the use of different cfc and hcfc refrigerants have. A comparison between refrigerants used in air conditioning derya ozkan, ozden agra and ozlem cetin university of yildiz technical university, turkey corresponding email.
Halocarbon refrigerants halocarbon refrigerant are all synthetically produced and were developed as the freon family of refrigerants. A look at properties and fractionation of blended refrigerants. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. A refrigerant is a chemical that is used to provide cooling in a heat transfer system. Environmental consciousness refrigerant options now and in the future danfoss helps define your refrigerant choice making modern living possible. It has remained the main refrigerant used in industrial refrigeration systems because of its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat.
Their thermodynamic characteristics constitute as ideal replacement for r502 for refrigeration sector in new facilities at low and medium temperatures. It is now widely agreed that only percentage of poe is required to ensure. Effects of refrigerant properties on refrigerant performance citeseerx. Freon refrigerants r11, r12 and r22, plus ammonia and water, will be discussed in terms. Duponttm refrigerants, technical information keywords. The second is the maximum charge size, and this refers to the upper limit that the allowable charge size can reach. Class 1 refrigerants used in the standard compression type cooling system. R4a is also known as tetrafluoroethane cf3ch2f from the family of hfc refrigerant. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. Revised formulations have been used for many refrigerants. The first generation of refrigerants included substances such as hydrocarbons, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. Technical r404a data sheet features and uses of r404a r404a is a ternary mixture consisting of r125, r143a and r4a. Freon 407c refrigerant performs similarly to hcfc22 under evaporator temperatures ranging from 7 to 10 c 20 to 50 f. Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables.
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